Central Adoption Resource Authority

Paper 2 – Social Issues

Why You Should Know?

As part of the ‘Adoption Awareness Month’ , Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) organised 10 State orientation programmes, ran 200 special social media campaigns, held interactive meets with more than 700 Prospective Adoptive Parents and Adoptive Parents in November ,2022.

In detail –

• The  key features of the new Adoption Regulations, 2022 notified by the Central Government on September 23, 2022 were also  shared with them.
• CARA  engaged with the adoption community by offering in-depth knowledge and resources for families.
•  Adoption Awareness Month was celebrated in the States of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Daman & Diu, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
• Adoption Awareness Month is about spreading adoption awareness amongst the stakeholders and the waiting families desiring to adopt. 
• Through the adoption process, CARA is dedicated to ensuring the long-term rehabilitation of children.
• Following the notification of the Adoption Regulations, 2022, CARA is reviewing all adoption cases, long pending in the courts and ensuring that they are quickly transferred to the office of the District Magistrate and concluded by issuance of Adoption Order by the District Magistrate within two months.
• New Regulations also stipulate children to be placed in their own socio-cultural environment so that both the child and the family quickly adjust with each other.
• Children with mental and physical disabilities are now being identified and cared for by the CMO in every district.
• Revamped Child Adoption Resource Information & Guidance System (CARINGS) has introduced new online modules for online registration of inter-country adoption cases under Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act (HAMA), modules for the District Magistrate to issue online Adoption Orders  and for CMO to certify disabilities.   

About Central Adoption Resource Authority

• Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) is a statutory body of the Ministry of Women and Child Development  under the provisions of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015,
• It functions as the nodal body for adoption of Indian children and is mandated to monitor and regulate in-country and inter-country adoptions.
• CARA is designated as the Central Authority to deal with inter-country adoptions in accordance with the provisions of the Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption, 1993, ratified by Government of India in 2003.
• CARA primarily deals with adoption of orphan, abandoned and surrendered children through its associated /recognised adoption agencies.
• India has multiple adoption laws. Traditionally, the 1956 Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act (HAMA), adoption, subject to the requirements and rigors of the Act, is available in India to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs, and others subject to Hindu family law or custom.
• For others, the 1890 Guardians and Wards Act applies, but which provides only guardianship, not adoption, for those not subject to Hindu family law or custom.
• CARA primarily deals with the adoption of “orphaned, abandoned and surrendered” children through recognised adoption agencies.
• In 2018, CARA has allowed individuals in a live-in relationship to adopt children from and within India.

Sources – PIB

Intangible Cultural Heritage

Paper 1 – Art & Culture

Why You Should Know?

Baguette — the staple French bread — was inscribed into the UN’s list of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) on November 30, 2022.

In detail –

What is a baguette?

• The baguette is a long and thin loaf made of flour, water, salt and yeast, and is consumed as a staple in France.
• Some believe that it was invented by August Zang, a baker and an entrepreneur from Vienna in 1839, who introduced the world to the taste of crusty bread with softer insides, using a steam oven.
• It gained its official name in 1920.
• The history of the bread is uncertain, some also believe that Napoleon Bonaparte, the French military leader, ordered thin sticks of bread for consumption by his soldiers as they could be carried from one place to another more conveniently.

Nomination for UN list

• In March 2021, France nominated the baguette as its candidate for consideration within the UNESCO ICH list.
• It drew attention to the steady decline in the number of bakeries in the country as around 20,000 of them have closed down since 1970.
• About 10 billion baguettes are consumed every year in France by a population of 67 million, according to the data website Planetoscope. One loaf is priced at around 1 Euro.
• However, people are increasingly becoming inclined towards purchasing products from supermarkets, rather than the traditional way. This method interferes with the quality of the bread, according to an AP report.
• French officials were seen raising the loaf in celebration, as soon as the decision to include it within the UNESCO list was pronounced in Morocco on Wednesday.
• The French government, upon baguette being granted the status, added that it plans to introduce an artisanal baguette day called the “Open Bakehouse Day,” to enhance people’s connection with the heritage.

What is Intangible cultural heritage?

• UNESCO defines “intangible” as “expressions that have been passed from one generation to another, have evolved in response to their environments and contribute to giving us a sense of identity and continuity…”
• According to an official document by UNESCO, ‘intangible cultural heritage’ includes “oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe or the knowledge and skills to produce traditional crafts.”
• It ascribes importance to “the wealth of knowledge and skills that is transmitted through it from one generation to the next,” which necessitates their preservation. The document states that the safeguarding of an ICH means ensuring that it “remains an active part of life for today’s generations that they can hand on to tomorrow.”
• The adoption of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the ICH by the General Conference of UNESCO in 2003 was a crucial step towards preserving intangible heritage from across the globe.
• UNESCO’s list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity was established in the year 2008.

Criteria for selection

• There are three criteria for an intangible cultural heritage to be inscribed in the United Nations list. according to UNESCO reportThe entity must
• be recognized by communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals as part of their cultural heritage,
• be transmitted from generation to generation and be constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history and
• provide them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity.

India’s intangible cultural symbols on the UNESCO list

• This year, India nominated Garba, a traditional dance form that originated in the state of Gujarat, for inscription on UNESCO’s ICH list.
• The elements which have been on the representative list of intangible cultural heritage from India in the past decade include
• Kolkata’s Durga Puja (2021),
• Kumbh Mela (2017),
• Navroz (2016),
• Yoga (2016),
• traditional brass and copper craft of utensil-making among coppersmiths of Punjab (2014),
• Sankirtana, a ritual musical performance of Manipur (2013)
• the Buddhist chanting of Ladakh (2012).
• Chhau dance, Kalbelia folk songs and dance of Rajasthan, and Mudiyettu, a dance drama from Kerala (2010),
• Ramman, a religious festival and theatre performance of Garhwal in the Himalayas (2009),
• Kutiyattam or Sanskrit theatre, and Vedic chanting (2008).
• Ramlila, a traditional performance of Ramayana, was also included in 2008.

Who manages nominations to the UNESCO list in India?

• According to a press release by PIB, several autonomous bodies within the Ministry of Culture actively function towards promoting and preserving intangible cultural heritage within the country.
• Sangeet Natak Akademi is the nodal organisation which looks after this function, and files nominations of intangible cultural entities from India, for evaluation by the international body.
• The Ministry of Culture also launches regular schemes, in an attempt to preserve, protect and promote intangible cultural heritage in the country.
• Among them, the “Scheme for Safeguarding the Intangible Cultural Heritage and Diverse Cultural Traditions of India” aims to “professionally” enhance “awareness and interest” in the safeguarding, promotion and propagation of ICH.

Sources – IE

 

Chhattrapati Shivaji Maharaj

Paper 1 –History

Why You Should Know?

Shivaji, known as Chhatrapati Shivaji, was the founder of the Maratha Empire in western India. During his reign, there were several conflicts with the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.

In detail –

Who was Chhattrapati Shivaji Maharaj?

• Shivaji Bhonsale(1630-1680) also referred to as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, was an Indian ruler and a member of the Bhonsle Maratha clan.
• Shivaji’s father ShahajiBhonsle was a Maratha general who served the Deccan Sultanates. His mother was Jijabai the daughter of LakhujiJadhavrao of Sindhkhed, a Mughal-aligned sardar.
• Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of Shivneri, near the city of Junnar, which is now in Pune district.
• Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj carved out an independent Maratha kingdom from various Deccan states in the 17th century.
• Born to a general who served different Deccan Sultans over the course of his life, Shivaji Maharaj was keen on expanding his father’s fiefdom of modern-day Pune into an independent Maratha state.
• At this point of time, several Sultanates (mainly Bijapur, Golkonda and Ahmadnagar) and the Mughals were vying for the control of the Deccan.
• As Mughal power grew, these Sultanates would become tributaries to the Mughal Empire (while often continuing to bicker among themselves) with the rulers and ruling clans being given positions in the Mughal court.
• Much like the Mughal strategy in Rajputana, a combination of alliances and armed conflict was used to maintain a hold over the “rebel provinces” of the Deccan. Over time, these states went into a state of decline.
• Shivaji’s conflict with the Adil Shahi Sultanate of Bijapur began when he was only 16. He would spend the rest of his life fighting various opponents, and in the process, laying the foundation for the Maratha Empire which would stretch across large parts of the Indian subcontinent and rule till the 19th Century.
• Early in his life, Shivaji realised that the key to holding power in the Deccan (or for that matter, many places in India in that era) was to capture and hold important forts.
• Thus, his strategies would be centred around taking control of forts in strategic locations, often on hilltops. He also repaired and built new forts as his sphere of control increased.
• After strengthening hold over his jagir (Pune), he expanded in various directions. At the time of his death, he held around 300 forts over an area that stretched across the Konkan coast, from Surat to near Goa, and was overlooked by the strategic Western Ghats.

Shivaji and the Mughals

• Shivaji’s meteoric rise posed challenges to the suzerainty of the Mughals. His first direct encounter with the Mughals was during Aurangzeb’s Deccan campaigns of the 1650s.
• As Aurangzeb went North to fight for the Mughal throne, Shivaji was able to seize further territory.
• His tactics against the Mughals were adapted to the specific nature of his force and the flabby Mughal armies. Using swift cavalry attacks, he would raid and pillage Mughal strongholds.
• While on the rare occasion he would engage in battle to actually capture and hold Mughal positions, most often, he would simply cause much menace, raid the treasury, and leave with the Mughals in terror and disarray.
• Famously, in 1664, he attacked the port of Surat (now in Gujarat) and plundered one of the richest and busiest commercial towns of Mughal India while the local governor hid in a nearby fort.
• As the legend of Shivaji and the physical sphere of his influence grew, Aurangzeb sent a 100,000-strong, well-equipped army under Raja Jai Singh I to subdue him in 1665. After putting up a valiant fight, Shivaji was besieged in the Purandar hill fort.

The great escape

• He was taken to Aurangzeb’s court in Agra in 1666. He presented Aurangzeb with various gifts, but he felt slighted at the treatment he received in return, and made his displeasure clear in open court.
• Aurangzeb put him under house arrest in Agra. Far away from home and help, Shivaji realised he needed to escape to save himself and his territories. He began to plot a plan to return home and keep up his fight against the Mughals.
• The story of Shivaji’s subsequent escape is now part of common lore. The popularly told story involves an elaborate plan, under which he began daily distribution of alms to brahmans. The alms would be sent from his home in Agra in large, covered baskets.
• After some time, the Mughal guards became lax about checking the contents of the baskets that daily left his house.
• One day, Shivaji slipped into one of the baskets, and put his young son, Sambhaji, in another basket. It was in these covered baskets that Shivaji and his son left Agra, right under the noses of the Mughals.
• From there, he would traverse across Mughal territory, living incognito until he reached the safer lands closer to home.
• Some versions of this story say that he took the disguise of a wandering ascetic while others say he had a number of different disguises.
• His exact path is not known, though folktales and songs memorialising Shivaji often mention different towns and places he crossed.
• Aurangzeb was livid and embarrassed. But he chose not to start an immediate conflict with Shivaji again.
• Instead, he offered Shivaji the title of Raja and guaranteed his authority in the Maratha lands as long as he acknowledged the supremacy of the Mughals and maintained truce.

Shivaji’s coronation

• By 1669, Shivaji had regrouped and raised an effective army. Using his old guerilla tactics, he would swiftly descend into static Mughal and Bijapuri strongholds, looting and pillaging the shocked Mughals.
• During this time, Aurangzeb was occupied with Pathan revolts in the North-West corner of his Empire.
• Shivaji deftly regained his lost positions in the Konkan coast. In 1674, he crowned himself Chhatrapati, officially creating an independent Maratha kingdom.
• The next six years were spent expanding his rule and forging new political norms, replacing the prevailing Indo-Persian court culture.
• He promoted the use of Marathi and Sanskrit in his courts and created an elaborate administrative system with a council of ministers known as “Ashta Pradhan.”

Source – IE

 

DigiYatra

Paper 3 –Science & Tech

Why You Should Know?

The government has introduced paperless entry at select airports to make air travel hassle-free. Under this initiative, airports will use a facial recognition software called ‘DigiYatra’ for entry.

In detail –

• This means, passengers won’t need to carry their ID card and boarding pass.
• In the first phase, the initiative will be launched at seven airports, starting with three — Delhi, Bengaluru, and Varanasi, followed by four airports namely Hyderabad, Kolkata, Pune, and Vijayawada by March 2023.
• Subsequently, the technology will be implemented across the country.
• The Delhi International Airport Ltd (DIAL), run by GMR, had in August announced the soft launch of the Centre’s DigiYatra initiative, rolling out the beta version of its app for Android platforms.
• The Delhi airport has the required infrastructure set up at the airport’s Terminal 3, and other airports are also setting up the requisite infra for it.

What is DigiYatra?

• DigiYatra envisages that travellers pass through various checkpoints at the airport through paperless and contactless processing, using facial features to establish their identity, which would be linked to the boarding pass.
• With this technology, the entry of passengers would be automatically processed based on the facial recognition system at all checkpoints – including entry into the airport, security check areas, aircraft boarding, etc.

Airports/airlines –

• The facility will be available for passengers taking domestic flights at Delhi’s Terminal 3, Bengaluru and Varanasi airports.
• DigiYatra will be launched at four more airports — Hyderabad, Pune, Vijaywada and Kolkata — by next March. Later, DigiYatra will be rapidly rolled out across all other airports.
• Among airlines, passengers travelling Air India, Vistara and IndiGo on their domestic network can avail this facility at the three airports. SpiceJet, GoFirst and Akasa Air are yet to offer the DigiYatra facility.

How it works?

• For availing the service, a passenger has to register their details on the DigiYatra app using Aadhaar-based validation and a self image capture.
• In the next step, the boarding pass has to be scanned, and the credentials are shared with airport authorities.
• At the airport e-gate, the passenger has to first scan the bar coded boarding pass and the facial recognition system installed at the e-gate will validate the passenger’s identity and travel document.
• Once this process is done, the passenger can enter the airport through the e-gate.
• The passenger will have to follow the normal procedure to clear security and board the aircraft.
• Facial recognition technology is beneficial as it makes flying more convenient and reduces congestion at airports.
• The facial recognition system at various airports across the globe, including Dubai, Singapore, Atlanta and Narita (Japan), have helped bring in efficiency.

How it is being implemented?

• The project is being implemented by the DigiYatra Foundation — a joint-venture company whose shareholders are the Airports Authority of India (26% stake) and Bengaluru Airport, Delhi Airport, Hyderabad Airport, Mumbai Airport and Cochin International Airport.
• These five shareholders equally hold the remaining 74% of the shares.

Sources – IE

Personality Rights

Paper 2–Polity

Why Should You Know?

The Delhi High Court recently passed an interim order to prevent the unlawful use of Bollywood star Amitabh Bachchan’s name, image and voice. The court, through its order, restrained persons at large from infringing the personality rights of the actor.

In details –

What are personality rights?

• Personality rights refer to the right of a person to protect his/her personality under the right to privacy or property.
• These rights are important to celebrities as their names, photographs or even voices can easily be misused in various advertisements by different companies to boost their sales.
• Therefore, it is necessary for renowned personalities/celebrities to register their names to save their personality rights.
• A large list of unique personal attributes contribute to the making of a celebrity.
• All of these attributes need to be protected, such as name, nickname, stage name, picture, likeness, image and any identifiable personal property, such as a distinctive race car.

Personality rights &Publicity rights

• Personality rights are different from publicity rights.
• Personality rights consist of two types of rights —
• firstly, the right of publicity, or the right to keep one’s image and likeness from being commercially exploited without permission or contractual compensation, which is similar (but not identical) to the use of a trademark;
• secondly, the right to privacy or the right to not have one’s personality represented publicly without permission.
• However, under common law jurisdictions, publicity rights fall into the realm of the ‘tort of passing off’.
• Passing off takes place when someone intentionally or unintentionally passes off their goods or services as those belonging to another party.
• Often, this type of misrepresentation damages the goodwill of a person or business, resulting in financial or reputational damage.
• Publicity rights are governed by statutes like the Trade marks Act 1999 and the Copyright Act 1957.

Use of a name

• The Delhi High Court in 2011 made an observation in the case of Arun Jaitley vs Network Solutions Private Limited and Ors., in which Mr. Jaitley filed a suit seeking permanent injunction against the defendants from misuse and immediate transfer of the domain name www.arunjaitley.com
• The Court stated that “the popularity or fame of individual will be no different on the internet than in reality.”
• The Court decided in the favour of Mr. Arun Jaitley, stating that the “name also falls in the category wherein it besides being a personal name has attained distinctive indicia of its own.
• Therefore, the said name due its peculiar nature/distinctive character coupled with the gained popularity in several fields whether being in politics, or in advocacy, …has become a well-known personal name/mark under the trade mark law which enures him the benefit to refrain others from using this name unjustifiably in addition to his personal right to sue them for the misuse of his name.”

What about consumer rights?

• While celebrities are protected from commercial misuse of their name and personality, there have also been instances where the consumers are misled owing to false advertisements or endorsements by such personalities.
• Due to such cases, the Ministry of Consumer Affairs has made a notification in 2022 to keep a check on misleading adverts and endorsements of consumer products by imposing a penalty on the endorser.

Sources – TH

Hornbill Festival

Paper 1 – Art & Culture

Why You Should Know?

The Vice President, Shri Jagdeep Dhankhar today inaugurated the 23rd edition of Hornbill Festival at Naga Heritage Village, Kisama near the state capital, Kohima.

In detail –

• The tribes of Nagaland celebrate their festivals with gusto and fervor. More than 60% of the population of Nagaland depends on agriculture and therefore most of their festivals revolve round agriculture.
• They consider their festivals sacred and so participation in these festivals is compulsory.
• Nagaland is known as the land of festivals as each tribe celebrates its own festival with dedication and passion.
• Some of the important festivals celebrated are:
• Tsukhenyie by the Chakhesangs in January,
• Mimkut by the Kukis in January,
• Bushu by the Kacharis in January,
• Sekrenyi by the Angamis in February,
• Aoling by the Konyaks in April,
• Moatsu by the Aos in May,
• Tuluni by the Sumis in July,
• Nyaknylum by the Changs in July,
• TokhuEmong by the Lothas in November and
• Yemshe by the Pochurys in October.
• To encourage inter-tribal interaction and to promote cultural heritage of Nagaland, the Government of Nagaland organizes the Hornbill Festival every year. It is also called the ‘Festival of Festivals”.
• The Hornbill Festival is an annual festival celebrated from 1 to 10 of December.
• The festival represents all ethnic groups of Nagaland for which it is also called the Festival of Festivals.

Background

• The first festival was held in December 2000.
• The festival is named after the Indian hornbill, the large and colourful forest bird which is displayed in the folklore of most of the state’s ethnic groups.
• Hornbills (Bucerotidae) are a family of bird found in tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia and Melanesia.

Celebrations

• Organized by the Department of State Tourism and Department of Art & Culture, the Hornbill Festival showcases a mélange of cultural displays under one roof.
• This festival usually takes place between 1 and 10 December every year mainly in Kohima District.
• The main venue of the Hornbill Festival is held at the Kisama Heritage Village located in the Southern Angami region of Kohima District which is about 12 km from Kohima.
• All the ethnic groups of Nagaland take part in this festival.
• The aim of the festival is to revive and protect the rich culture of Nagaland and display its extravaganza and traditions.
• For visitors it means a closer understanding of the people and culture of Nagaland, and an opportunity to experience the food, songs, dances and customs of Nagaland.

Important Features

• The week long festival unites one and all in Nagaland and people enjoy the colourful performances, crafts, sports, food fairs, games and ceremonies.
• Traditional arts which include paintings, wood carvings, and sculptures are also on display.
• Festival highlights include Traditional Naga Morungs Exhibition and sale of Arts and Crafts, Food Stalls, Herbal Medicine Stalls, Flower shows and sales, Cultural Medley – songs and dances, Fashion shows, Beauty Contest, Traditional Archery, Naga wrestling, Indigenous Games, and Musical concert.

Sources – PIB

Joint Exercise “Agni Warrior”

Paper 2 – International Relations

Why You Should Know?

The 12th Edition of Exercise Agni Warrior, a bilateral exercise between the Singapore & Indian Army, which had commenced on 13 November 2022 concluded at Field Firing Ranges, Devlali (Maharashtra) on 30 November 2022.

In detail –

• Exercise Agni Warrior, involved showcasing joint firepower planning, execution and use of New Generation Equipment by the Artillery arm of both armies.
• Exercise also included participation by both sides in a joint computer war-game as part of joint planning process.
• Both sides utilised niche technology and Artillery Observation Simulators as part of joint training phase.
• Expert academic discussions were conducted on modern trends in Artillery and refinement of Artillery planning process.
• Indigenously manufactured Artillery guns and howitzers also participated during the final phase of the exercise.
• The exercise achieved its aim of enhancing mutual understanding of drills & procedures and improving interoperability between the two armies.

Sources – AIR

 

Advanced Light Helicopter Mk-III

Paper 3 – Security

Why You Should Know?

In a major boost to further strengthening the Coast Guard Region East, 840 Sqn (CG), an Indian Coast Guard Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) Mk-III squadron, was commissioned by DG Shri VS Pathania at ICG Air Station, Chennai on November 30, 2022.

In detail –

• The commissioning of 840 Sqn (CG) is indicative of the leap towards self-reliance in the field of helicopter manufacturing, in line with the government’s vision of ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’.
• It will provide a major fillip to the abilities of Indian Coast Guard in the security sensitive waters off Tamil Nadu and Andhra region.

About ALH Mk-III

• The ALH Mk-III helicopters, indigenously manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), features state-of-the-art equipment including advanced RADAR as well as Electro optical sensors, Shakti engines, full glass cockpit, high-intensity search light, advanced communication systems, automatic identification system as well as search-and-rescue homer.
• This feature enables the helicopter to undertake maritime reconnaissance as well as carry out search and rescue at extended ranges while operating from ships, both by day and night.
• The aircraft has the ability to switch roles from an offensive platform with heavy machine gun to that of a benign one carrying a Medical Intensive Care Unit to facilitate transfer of critically ill patients.
• A total of 16 ALH Mk-III aircraft have been inducted in the Indian Coast Guard in a phased manner and four of these aircraft are positioned in Chennai.
• Since induction, the squadron has flown over 430 hours and conducted numerous operational missions.

Sources – PIB

 

Intra-Nasal Vaccine for COVID

Paper 2 – Health

Why You Should Know?

World’s first intra-nasal vaccine for COVID developed by India has got approval from the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) for restricted use in emergency situations in the age group of 18 and above.

In detail –

• The intra-nasal Covid-19 vaccine — Bharat Biotech’s iNCOVACC —is only the second such vaccine in the world, after CanSino Biologics’ vaccine in China, to get regulatory approval.
• Around 100 mucosal (nose and mouth) Covid-19 vaccines are under development across the world.
• The Product development and Clinical trials were funded by the Department of biotechnology, Government of India and BIRAC under the Mission COVID Suraksha Program.
• This vaccine received approval under restricted Use in emergency situations for ages 18 and above for primary 2 dose schedule, homologous booster doses.
• Vaccine is a recombinant replication deficient adenovirus vectored vaccine with a pre-fusion stabilized spike protein. This vaccine candidate was evaluated in Phases I, II and III clinical trials with successful results.
• Large manufacturing capabilities have been established by Bharat Biotech at multiple sites across India, including Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Telangana, with operations pan India.

About iNCOVACC

• iNCOVACC is a chimpanzee adenovirus vectored recombinant nasal vaccine that has been specifically formulated to allow intra-nasal delivery through nasal drops.
• The nasal delivery system has been designed and developed to be cost effective in low- and middle-income countries, the company said. The vaccine is stable at 2-8°C.
• Intra-nasal Covid-19 vaccines can prime immune cells in the thin mucous membranes of the nose and mouth, the spot through which the Sars-CoV-2 virus enters the body.
• Therefore, it can stop the virus from replicating at its entry and spreading to the lungs and other parts of the body.
• Vaccine developers feel that mucosal vaccines will be successful in preventing mild cases of illness and blocking transmission to other people.
• intra-nasal vaccine stimulates a broad immune response – neutralising IgG, mucosal IgA, and T Cell responses. “Immune responses at the site of infection (in the nasal mucosa) are essential for blocking both infection and transmission of Covid-19.

Sources – PIB